Pakulski and Waters - 2272 Words

What do Pakulski and Waters mean when they say class is dead? In the chapter ‘The Shifting Sands of Structure’, Pakulski and Waters are talking about the declining relevance of Marxist class theory in the evaluation of modern capitalism. â€Å"Actual social developments have defined both predications of progressive polarisation and conflict and the emancipatory promise of social revolution† (Pakulski and Waters 1996:28). The perceived ‘death of class’ according to this chapter is due the economic reductionism of class theory in Political Economy, which was caused continual evolution of theories of class structure combined with by the capricious development of Liberal-Democratic societies. Together they have led to social theories, which†¦show more content†¦However, the struggles for such entitlements can be interpreted in class terms. Consumption Theorists: Weber, Veblen - Consumption, lifestyle, and taste is a basis for social division. For example Bogans vs Hipsters or Class vs Swag Theorist: Saunders - Social divisions are caused through relationships towards modes of consumption. - Saunders uses the example of privatised and collectivised housing. The stratifying capacity of educational qualifications, professional knowledge and skills - Rise of new classes: o Corporate elites o Managerial classes o Professional and white-collar classes o Under classes Theorist: Dahrendorf - Attempt to reconstruct class schemes in a quasi-Weberian model emphasising authority relations - Radical transformation of the capitalist class into owner-shareholder - Fragmentation of the working class into:Show MoreRelatedSocial Class And Its Relevance1702 Words   |  7 Pagestheory was relating to man and his access to the means of production. He stated there are two classes the bourgeoisie, those who own the means of the production and the proletariat who only possess their labour power to sell ( Ollman, 1976). Pakulski and Waters argued that social is dead, due to changes in economic and social structures along with adaptions in social identity and belonging (1996). Although there has been changes and transformations to social class over time, for example Bourdieu’sRead MoreSociology: Did Class Die?1760 Words   |  8 Pagesconsistency. Given the changes above, the concept of social class seems to become less practical in the modern society as the boundaries of division is getting more ambiguous, implying the death of class. Indeed, some sociologists, such as Pakulski and Waters, supporting to Postmodernism, didn’t believe that social class is still that important. They thought that social mobility and changes in property ownership turned former social class now into a mixture of variety of people who have less classRead MoreHow is identity formed, a look at some of the theories756 Words   |  3 Pagesidentity, but that it s far from the only factor involved. It has been said by many that class is becoming more diverse with wider reference points within the structures. Some sociologists have gone as far as to say that class is dead (Pakulski and Waters, 1996) although a survey in 1996 showed that two thirds of those interviewed felt that there is one law for the rich and one for the poor (Adonis and Pollard, 1998). One school of thought that is moving away from the original ideas ofRead MoreMarxist Theory And Social Class1238 Words   |  5 Pagesextremes of rich and poor.(Gane,N.2012) A more recent argument has been put forward by Paluski and Waters (1996) who believe that class is dead. This view is called Postmodernism, they do not claim that social inequality is disappearing, but they do argue that there are new cleavages that are emerging in post-class society which overshadow class differences In their book, Pakulski and Waters claim that it is now unfashionable to consider class as important. Consequently people now identify themselvesRead MoreSociology1681 Words   |  7 Pagesbe limited by the consumer. In Britain, a normal white collar may spend all of his salary to buy the iphone 5 so that he will be the upper class in appereance. Hence , the managerial class can no longer divided their consumer byclass.Pakulski and Waters(2009:448) point out contemporary societies are still stratified but not divided by class position instead of culture consumption. These changes indicate that the explanations of political and social behaviors by reference to class are also usefulnessRead MoreSocial class cannot be measured/determined2165 Words   |  9 Pagesinterpretation of a situation and the meaning they give it†. Micro sociologists also known as post modernists such as Malcolm waters and Pakulski believe that social class cannot be measured/determined and are dead. This is due to the fact that factors such as social connection, patterns of consumption and other trends are removing class structures in the society. According to Malcolm Waters lifestyle is not constant and therefore class cannot possibly be measured using this means; in some situations one mayRead MoreSocial Stratification According to Marx and Weber1163 Words   |  5 Pagesexploited by the ruling class, whether they realize it or not. Postmodernists would argue that class identity is no longer relevant as a collective group identity and has now fragmented into numerous separate and individualized identities. Pakulski and Waters (1996) argue that people now exercise more personal choice about what type of people they want to be, rather than have their identity shaped by their membership of a social class. They argue that gender, ethnicity, age, region and family roleRead MoreHomelessness Postmodernist and Feminist Perspective2985 Words   |  12 Pagesreform had not addressed homelessness as a cause for mental illness and substance abuse, and was not addressing primary care and prevention (Davidson, 2010) , in effect not opening the language of health to include homelessness. Crook., Pakulski., amp; Waters, 1992 in (Van Kreiken et al., 2006, p. 502) discuss â€Å"class decomposition† explaining that the members of a particular social class will become increasingly different to each other. Mathew Moore ( date ? ) in an article about regional homelessnessRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagesbecause we rely on one another and this may be both a strength and a weakness. Imagine if you had to survive alone for a long period of time without the support of the various organizations that provide you with everything from food and clothing to water, fuel, shelter, health care, education, transport and so on. Could you cope, either physically or psychologically? Probably not! Certainly, your life would change drastically. Indeed, many activities in any society usually require people to socially

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ( Ocd ) - 905 Words

I decided to write my paper on Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) in children. OCD is a type of anxiety disorder where people feel the need to check things repeatedly. Kids with OCD become preoccupied with whether something could be harmful, dangerous, wrong, or dirty — or with thoughts that unpleasant stuff could happen. It can cause severe anxiety in those affected. Kids with OCD also might worry about things not being in order or just right. They may worry about losing things, constantly feeling the need to collect these items, even though they may seem useless to other people. It includes obsessions and compulsions that take up a great deal of time and affects your daily routine. Obsessions can be any repulsive thoughts, scary reflections, or anything that causes fear or worry. Obsessions are uncontrolled by the person who has OCD. Many people with this disorder understand their obsessions are unrealistic, but feel unable to control them. They come with feelings that things have to always be done the proper way. Some common obsessions are: 1. Dirt, germs, or contamination. 2. Making a mistake. 3. Hostile or violent thoughts. 4. Thoughts about unacceptable behavior. 5. Things that are asymmetrical or imperfect. Since the anxiety started by obsessions can be so troubling, people who suffer from OCD came up with ways to feel better. These ways are called compulsions which are attempts to lessen the torment caused byShow MoreRelatedObsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)1756 Words   |  8 Pages Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is a disorder that can affect children and adults. In order to fully understand OCD, many different areas of the disorder must be reviewed. First, OCD will be defined and the diagnosis criteria will be discussed. Secondly the prevalence of the disorder will be considered. The different symptoms, behaviors and means of treatment are also important aspects that will be discussed in order to develop a clearer understanding of the implications of obsessive compulsiveRead MoreEssay on Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)875 Words   |  4 Pagessevere Obsessive Compulsive Disorder. Obsessive-compulsive disorder is an anxiety disorder that triggers people to have unwante d fixations and to repeat certain activities again and again. Everyone has habits or certain ways of doing something with Obsessive Compulsive Disorder these habits severely interrupt the way they live their lives (Familydoctor.org Editorial Staff). About one in 40 people suffer from some form of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (ABRAMOWITZ). Obsessive Compulsive Disorder oftenRead MoreLiving With Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)1190 Words   |  5 Pagesdifferences between both symptoms and experiences of six different authors who have been personally affected by obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).   Since OCD is not very well understood by many members of the public (Escape), I hope that the experiences of the authors that I researched will be able to paint a vivid picture of what life with OCD is like. Obsessive-compulsive disorder involves a chemical imbalance in the brain. This chemical imbalance is thought to be the main reason for obsessionsRead MoreObsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) Essay2901 Words   |  12 Pages   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Obsessive Compulsive Disorder, or OCD, affects an average 1.7% of the population according to the Stanford University School of Medicine.  Ã‚  The recognition of this psychological disorder has grown in the recent years.  Ã‚  As the knowledge of this disorder becomes more prevalent, those suffering have become more willing to seek help (OCDA).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  OCD is a condition â€Å"in which people experience repetitive and upsetting thoughts and/or behaviors† (OCDA).  Ã‚  While there are many variationRead MoreObsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) Essay800 Words   |  4 Pages Obsessive Compulsive Disorder And Its Effect On Life Obsessive-compulsive disorder, or OCD, involves anxious thoughts or rituals one feels and cant control. . For many years, OCD was thought to be rare. The actual number of people with OCD was hidden, because people would hide their problem to avoid embarrassment. Some recent studies show that as many as 3 million Americans ages 18 to 54 may have OCD at any one time. This is about 2.3% of the people in this age group. It strikes men and women inRead More Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) Essays2616 Words   |  11 Pagesis a very powerful piece of structure; it is truly limitless when speaking about its potential. With a functional organ comes a dysfunctional possibility. Obsessive Compulsive Disorder, (OCD), for instance, is nervousness in the mind. OCD is an anxiety disorder caused by repetitive intrusive thoughts and behaviors. It is a mental disorder marked by the involvement of a devotion to an idea or routine. Essentially, it is a false core belief which is believing that there is something wrong, causingRead MoreEssay on Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)3370 Words   |  14 Pages Obsessive compulsive disorder is a disease that many people know of, but few people know about. Many people associate repeated washing of hands, or flicking of switches, and even cleanliness with Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD), however there are many more symptoms, and there are also explanations for those symptoms. In this paper, I will describe what obsessive compulsive disorder is, explain some of the effects of it, and explain why it happens. I will also attempt to prove that while medicationRead More Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) Essay1758 Words   |  8 PagesOCD: Whats in Control? Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is an anxiety disorder that is the fourth most common mental illness in the U.S. (8). OCD affects five million Americans, or one in five people (3). This is a serious mental disorder that causes people to think and act certain things repetitively in order to calm the anxiety produced by a certain fear. Unlike compulsive drinking or gambling, OCD compulsions do not give the person pleasure; rather, the rituals are performed to obtainRead MoreObsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) Essay examples1375 Words   |  6 PagesObsessive Compulsive Disorder â€Å"I know my hands are clean. I know that I have touched nothing dangerous. But†¦ I doubt my perception. Soon, if I do not wash, a mind numbing, searing anxiety will cripple me. A feeling of stickiness will begin to spread from the point of contamination and I will be lost in a place I do not want to go. So I wash until the feeling is gone, until the anxiety subsides. Then I feel defeated. So I do less and less, my world becomes smaller and smaller and more lonelyRead MoreEssay about Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)474 Words   |  2 Pages Obsessive Compulsive disorder (OCD) is a mental illness that effects nearly 5 million Americans, and half a million children. Its a disease that fills the brain with unwanted ideas, and worries. OCD is a diseases that effects the Cerebral frontal cortex. Unfortunately there is no cure for OCD. Obsessive compulsive disorder can start developing as early as age five. In most cases OCD controls your life. Through out the rest of this paper I hope to inform you on Obsessive compulsive Disorders

Chivalry Codes Free Essays

Is chivalry dead? Chivalry is a combinations of qualities expected from an â€Å"ideal† knight, in the contemporary times. Some ideas of chivalry include courage, honesty, loyalty, courtesy, and truth. Chivalry was the medieval principles governing knighthood and knightly conduct, if you were a knight; you were expected to follow these rules. We will write a custom essay sample on Chivalry Codes or any similar topic only for you Order Now But not all knights in the seventeenth century followed these rules honestly or courageously. Some knights dishonored the code, putting their pride above the people they were supposed to serve. If there were dishonest knights in the contemporary times, chivalry in the modern world is indefinitely dead. Generations of dishonesty of corrupted knights from the contemporary times to modern caused the neglection of chivalric duties to collapse. The nature of these fraudulent knights is to put themselves above others, their character influence the young and future knights to be. When Wictred fought with Prince Tristan in the literary work, Tristan Isolde, his true corrupted side showed as he cheated to defeat the prince. According to the chivalric code, honesty was absent, which shows lost of chivalric regards. Wictred’s way of play reflected off of the younger beings who probably will mock his way of traits and qualities, which begin the chain of deceitful knights and people, each losing more chivalric manners along the way. As more degraded knights ascend the line of modern time, they carry a burden on their shoulders, which is symbolized by chivalry. As careless features begin to arise within the generations of knights, the fewer burdens they want on their shoulders. As time passes on, chivalric codes are decreasing, and soon, dropped forever. How to cite Chivalry Codes, Essay examples

Creating Policy and Environmental Approaches MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Creating Policy and Environmental Approaches. Answer: Introduction Obesity can be defined as the presence of too much fat in the body. It is a global public health concern with occurrence having doubled since 1980, according to WHO, in 2014 there were 1.9 billion adults over the age of 18 years being overweight. Majority of the world population live in countries where obesity affects majority of the population than underweight. It is for this reason that several studies have been conducted to tray and establish the epidemiological pattern of the disease. Determinants of obesity outcomes are sought from the descriptive epidemiology associated in order for generation of hypothesis and then the application of analysis of data from sample of the populations and then comparing them to the groups to determine whether health outcomes differ in exposure. If there is greater outcome due to a given exposure then an association has occurred. Outcome measurements are assessed through self reporting on the type of food taken away by consumers using tools such questionnaires and cut offs like body mass index. The outcome relate to the population of adults aged between 29-62, in Cambridge, UK, who were participating in the study. The study findings on the outcome measure found that exposure was associated with increase in body mass and increase in odds for obesity; also consumption of take away foods across the study population in general was great, (Khoury, Gwinn Loannidis, 2010). The results obtain correlate with other studies on the population in there is a positive association between exposure to take away foods, exposure to takeaway foods was more prevalent in the work environment, where existence of dose response relationship was present, (Khoury, Gwinn Loannidis, 2010). Researchers conducted have concluded that there is a relationship between fast foods outlets especially in work place and at schools and obesity prevalence worldwide, (Arroyo, Cassandra Krista, 2016). In conducting these studies, clinical studies have employed the use of exposure group. Internal validity has been to measure the how the study is done in order to minimise confounding factors, the fewer occurrence of confounding factors, the higher and the internal validity of the study. In the study the causal effect was felt increase in body mass index and the food take away outlets, the relationship was established with significant difference of 0.92 p0.05 relative to those exposed. The groups associated with the most exposure was averagely having a body mass index of 1.21 (95% confidence) greater than those whom were least exposed, (Khoury, Gwinn Loannidis, 2010). According to this study, the proposed intervention to tackle take away harmful effects on food is the alteration of the geography of food availability in a move to promote healthier foods. This intervention has been adopted by other organisations and partners such as Takeaway Tool kit, document published by Greater London Authority. It fosters the uptake of the intervention at a higher levels of public health. The toolkit suggests that the policy initiative should be aimed at creating an understanding of the environment and individuals in charge. Study conducted by Aztsop Joy (2013), regarding the intervention of changing the food environments to access nutritious food to the general public, it outlines the principles of common good in application to understanding laws and public practices, social policies and market values that shape the factors of healthy food availability in public health care. In the study by Cohel, Kristen and Stanford, (2000), on the study population was 1,205 adults aged between 18-69 years, it used a randomised controlled trial; whereby there was self help education program in promoting lower fat and higher fruit consumption conducted in 1 year, targeting reduction in consumption of fat and increase in fruit intake and vegetables. The control variables of the study were gender, age, sex, ethnicity, BMI status among others, the outcome lead to decrease in BMI. In Djurie et al., (2002) study, on Nutrition and breast health, the population targeted included 97 women, family history of breast cancer aged between 21-50 years old. In Detroit Michigan, it adopted randomised controlled with individual counselling to reduce the risk of breast cancer, the target activities were reduction in fat, increased in fruit and vegetable, decrease in fat and increase in fruit with vegetables. It was conducted for one year. The target was decrease in intake of fat, increase in fruit and vegetable, intake of soda, deserts and breads and change in total calories. The reported changes from the study include decrease in fat and calories, increase in fruit and vegetable. The change direction to relative controls include, decrease in weight and body fat, and a decrease in group two and 0 weight in groups three and four. Using Muller, 2001 study, on Kiel Obesity prevention , Kile Germany, it targeted 297 children, aged 5-7 years , the designed utilised non-randomisation, combined school and family based programs aimed at preventing weight gain and reducing body weight, 3 month and 1 year trial measure. The results observed include increase in fruit and vegetable consumption, decrease intake of high fat foods and increase in physical activity. On the measure against the controls, there was significant weight change. Neff Roni et al., (2017), which talks on the healthy systems role in exacerbating health disparities in food. Study conducted by Hawkes, Jewel Allen, (2013), studies on the application of the intervention on food policies to promote healthy diets and domains of action of policy direction provided. On creating healthy food and eating environments targeting the policy environment and environment approaches in health aims at promoting the intervention use to tackle obesity issue in public health care, (Story, et al 2008). On access to food on socio economic individualism and public ethics on the intervention is aimed at improvement the environments on which these foods are produced, in addition to these The intervention effects have been found to be effective in targeting both diet and involving. use of behaviour change, mobilisation of social support and clear plan of maintaining behaviour change have been found to support the interventions. It further shows that programmes to effectively promote dietary change needs to involve practitioners and organizations in ensuring effectiveness. According to study by Rychetnik, Frommer, Hawe Shiell, (2002), on public health interventions, it suggest that important parameters should be utilised when observed while implementing g obesity based interventions in public health practice. These parameters include design, development of change strategies and characteristics of the population interventions applicable to the study. These factors have been found out to be determining on how the intervention strategies are going to be implemented. In initiating policy change, the application of the intervention has been used to understand the major factors in initiating shift in the application of the intervention. In this study it proposes sustainable diets as a form of altering the geographic composition of food. It builds it study on a web of factors which influence obesity and a factor among the policy makers. This includes on health, agriculture, socio cultural and environmental factors. It seeks to influence on policy makers to change focus and concentrate on the benefits and policy shift on to healthy behaviours and establishment of sustainable diets in the population, (Johnston, Jessica, Fanzo Bruce, 2014). Major shift has occurred in creating healthy environment through policy and environment approaches. Sahota et al., (2008), suggests that implementation of the intervention, it has set out places where healthy eating patterns need to be implemented, and they include places like homes, schools, and work sites among o ther places. It concludes that environmental intervention are beneficial are essential in health care reforms for healthy living. The role of international agencies in promoting healthy behaviour especially use of take away foods, has led to join of hands from the intergovernmental and civil society groups that brings together policy framework into action. It has taken the initiative to form a comprehensive package for promotion of public health. In UK for example the policy paper entitled ; 2010 to 2015 government obesity and healthy eating, in response to targeting the food environments, it proposed the reduction of various ingredients used in food , public health promotion on food, correcting labelling of food as pertaining to caloric foods and assisting people to eat fewer foods. It calls on different players to call for help in tackling obesity, (GovUK, 2015). In this study by the author, Netto et l., (2010), there barriers which hinder the progress of behaviour change towards obesity. This include culture and program, cultural and program accessibility barriers, low levels of food and health literacy, junk food advertisements and lack of regular weight measures. Obesity base interventions need to take into account the barriers like colour, race and business. (Bagwell, 2015). Other studies have described the barriers affecting obesity into four distinct levels (Fitzgerall and Spaccrotella, 2009). References Bagwell, S., 2015. Designing healthier catering interventions for takeaways in deprived areas. Journal of Environmental Health Research, 15(1), pp.38-56. Cohen, J.H., Kristal, A.R. and Stanford, J.L., 2000. Fruit and vegetable intakes and prostate cancer risk. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 92(1), pp.61-68. Cyril, S., Nicholson, J.M., Agho, K., Polonsky, M. and Renzaho, A.M., 2017. Barriers and facilitators to childhood obesity prevention among culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) communities in Victoria, Australia. Australian and New Zealand journal of public health. Djuric, Z., Poore, K.M., Depper, J.B., Uhley, V.E., Lababidi, S., Covington, C., Klurfeld, D.M., Simon, M.S., Kucuk, O. and Heilbrun, L.K., 2002. Methods to increase fruit and vegetable intake with and without a decrease in fat intake: compliance and effects on body weight in the nutrition and breast health study. Nutrition and cancer, 43(2), pp.141-151. Fitzgerald, N. and Spaccarotella, K., 2009. Barriers to a healthy lifestyle: from individuals to public policyan ecological perspective. Journal of Extension, 47(1), pp.1-8. Hawkes, C., Jewell, J. and Allen, K. , 2013, A food policy package for healthy diets and the prevention of obesity and diet-related non-communicable diseases: the NOURISHING framework. Obes Rev, 14: 159168. doi:10.1111/obr.12098 Johnston, J.L., Fanzo, J.C. and Cogill, B., 2014. Understanding sustainable diets: a descriptive analysis of the determinants and processes that influence diets and their impact on health, food security, and environmental sustainability. Advances in Nutrition: An International Review Journal, 5(4), pp.418-429. Mller, M.J., Asbeck, I., Mast, M., Langnse, K. and Grund, A., 2001. Prevention of obesity--more than an intention. Concept and first results of the Kiel Obesity Prevention Study (KOPS). International Journal of Obesity, 25(S1), p.S66. Neff, R. A., Palmer, A. M., Mckenzie, S. E., Lawrence, R. S., 2009. Food Systems and Public Health Disparities. Journal of Hunger Environmental Nutrition, 4(3-4), 282314. https://doi.org/10.1080/19320240903337041 Netto, G., Bhopal, R., Lederle, N., Khatoon, J. and Jackson, A., 2010. How can health promotion interventions be adapted for minority ethnic communities? Five principles for guiding the development of behavioural interventions. Health Promotion International, 25(2), pp.248-257. Policy paper, 2010 to 2015 government policy: obesity and healthy eating. Online Accesses on 20/05/2017. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/2010-to-2015-government-policy-obesity-and-healthy-eating/2010-to-2015-government-policy-obesity-and-healthy-eating Rychetnik, L., Frommer, M., Hawe, P. and Shiell, A., 2002. Criteria for evaluating evidence on public health interventions. Journal of epidemiology and community health, 56(2), pp.119-127. Sahota, P., Rudolf, M.C., Dixey, R., Hill, A.J., Barth, J.H. and Cade, J., 2001. Evaluation of implementation and effect of primary school based intervention to reduce risk factors for obesity. Bmj, 323(7320), p.1027. Story, M., Kaphingst, K.M., Robinson-O'Brien, R. and Glanz, K., 2008. Creating healthy food and eating environments: policy and environmental approaches. Annu. Rev. Public Health, 29, pp.253-272. Story, M., Kaphingst, K.M., Robinson-O'Brien, R. and Glanz, K., 2008. Creating healthy food and eating environments: policy and environmental approaches. Annu. Rev. Public Health, 29, pp.253-272.